Icon:-

In a graphical user interface, a small screen-image representing a specific element that the user can manipulate in some way, selected by moving a mouse or other pointing device.

An icon may represent an application, a document, embedded and linked objects, a hard disk drive, or several Programs collected together in a group icon.

IEEE standards:-

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), acting as a coordinating body, has established a number of telecommunications standards, including Group 802 as follows:

• IEEE 802.ID : An access-control standard for bridges linking 802.3, 802.4, and 302.5 networks.

• IEEE 802.2: A standard that specifies the data-link layer for use with 802.3, 802.4, and 802.5 networks.

• IEEE 802.3 10Base5 : A standard matching the AT&T StarLAN product with a 1 megabit per second data transfer rate and a cable-segment length of up to 500 meters.

• IEEE 802.3 10Base2 : An implementation of the Ethernet standard on thin Ethernet cable with a data transfer rate of 10 megabits per second, and a .maximum cable-segment length of 185 meters (600 feet).

• IEEE 802.3 10Base-T : Establishes a standard for Ethernet over unshielded twisted-pair wiring : the same wiring and RJ45 connectors used with modern telephone systems. The standard is based on a star topology, with each node connected to a central wiring center, with a cable-length limitation of 100 meters (325 feet).

• IEEE 802.3 10Broad36 : Defines a long distance Ethernet with a 10 megabit per second data rate, and a maximum cable-segment length of 3600 meters.

• IEEE 802.4 : Defines bus topology networks that use token passing to control access and network traffic, running at 10 megabits per second.

• IEEE 802.5 : Defines ring networks that use token passing to control access and network traffic, running at 4 on 16 megabits per second. It is used by IBM's Token Ring network.

• IEEE 802.6 : Defines an emerging standard for metropolitan area networks (MANs) transmitting voice, video, and data over two parallel fiber-optic cables, using signaling rates of up to 155 megabits per second.

• IEEE 802.7 : The Broadband Technical Advisory Committee provides advice on broadband techniques to other IEEE Subcommittees.

• IEEE 802.8 : The Fiber-Optic Technical Advisory Committee provides advice on fiber-optic technology to other IEEE subcommittees.

• IEEE 802.9 : The Integrated Data and Voice Networks group is presently working to integrate data, voice, and video to 802 LANs and ISDN.

• IEEE 802.10 : The Network Security Technical Advisory Group is developing a standard definition of a network security model.

• IEEE 802.11 : The Wireless Networking group is developing standards for wireless networks.

• IEEE 802.12 : The Demand Priority group is working on standards for the 100 megabits per second Ethernet standard.

You will also see many of these standards referred to by their ISO reference numbers; IEEE standards 802.1 through 802.11 are also known as ISO standards 8802.1 through 8802.11.

Install:-

To configure and prepare hardware or software for operation. Many application packages have their own installation programs, which copy all the required files from the original distribution floppy disks into appropriate directories on your hard disk, and then help to configure the program to your own operating requirements. Microsoft Windows programs are installed by a program called SETUP.

If you are upgrading to NetWare 4.x from 3.x, INSTALL offers to migration options: across the wire migration and in place migration. If you are upgrading from NetWare 2.x, you must first upgrade to 3.x, and then to Net Ware 4.x.

Internet:-

The world's largest computer network, consisting of more than two million computers supporting over twenty million users in hundreds of different countries. The Internet is growing at a phenomenal rate-between 10 and 15 percent per month so any size estimates are quickly out-of-date.

The Internet was originally established to meet the research needs of the U.S. Defense industry, but it has grown into a huge global network serving universities, academic, researchers, commercial interests, and government agencies, both in the U.S. and overseas. The Internet uses TCP/IP protocols, and many of the Internet hosts fun the UNIX operating system.

Internet Address:-

An address on the Internet. An Internet address takes the form someone@abc.def.xyz , where someone is a user's name or part of a user's name, @abc is the network computer of the user and def is the name of the host organization. The last three letters denote the kind of institution the user belongs to: edu for educational, com for commercial, gov for government, mil for military, org for miscellaneous organizations, and net for Internet administrative organizations.

IP:-

Abbreviation for Internet Protocol. The TCP/ IP session-layer protocol that regulates packet forwarding by tracking internet addresses, routing outgoing messages, and recognizing incoming messages.

ISDN:-

Abbreviation for Integrated Services Digital Network. A CC1TT standard for a world wide digital communications network intended to replace all current systems with a completely digital, synchronous, full-duplex transmission system. Computers and other devices connect to ISDN via simple, standardized interfaces. When complete, ISDN systems will be capable of  transmitting voice, video, and data, all on the same line-something that currently takes three connections to achieve.

Isochronous Service:-

A method of transmitting real time data using pre-allocated bandwidth on a communications link, allowing time-synchronized transmissions with very little delay. Isochronous service is required for real time data such as synchronized voice and video, where delays in packet delivery would be unacceptable.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) can provide isochronous service because its cells are always the same size, so it is possible to guarantee accurate and timely delivery of packets, other networks can provide isochronous service by using a priority scheme to dedicate bandwidth to video traffic.

ISO/OSI Model:-

Abbreviation for International Standards Organization/Open System Interconnection model. A networking reference model defined by the ISO that divides computer to computer communications into seven connected layers. Such layers are known as a protocol stack. Each successively higher level builds on the functions of the layers below, as follows:

• Application Layer 7 : The highest level of the model. It defines the manner in which applications interact with the network, including database management, e-mail, and terminal-emulation programs.

• Presentation Layer 6 : Defines the way in which data is formatted, presented, converted, and encoded.

• Session Layer 5 : Coordinates communications and maintains the session for as long as it is needed, performing security, logging, and administrative functions.

• Transport Layer 4 : Defines protocols for structuring messages and supervises the validity of the transmission by performing some error checking.

• Network Layer 3 : Defines protocols for data routing to ensure that the information arrives at the correct destination node.

• Data-link layer 2 : Validates the integrity of the flow of data from one node to another by synchronizing blocks of data and controlling the flow of data.

• Physical Layer 1 : Defines the mechanism for communicating with the transmission medium and interface hardware.