NETWORK PROTOCOLS:-

Protocol: A predefined set of rules, basically the language spoken by machines, to communicate with one another. For machines to be able to communicate with each other, they must be running the same protocol.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): ARP is a protocol used in TCP/IP networks to determine the physical MAC (Media Access Control) address of a host machine with an IP address. By broadcasting an ARP request on the network, a host can dynamically discover the MAC-layer address corresponding to the particular IP address.

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol): A routing protocol that evaluates all possible routes and determines the optimal path between various autonomous systems or domains. The Internet is a classic example where BGP is widely used. Routers use BGP to determine the shortest, loop free, and optimal path between routers. BGP is defined in FRC 1771.

HDLC (High-level Data Link Control): It is a transmission protocol used at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI reference model. An ISO standard developed from the Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) standard proposed by IBM in the 1970s, HDLC embeds information in a data frame that allows devices to control data flow and correct errors. The Link Access Procedure -Balanced (LAP-B) and Link Access Procedure D-channel (LAP-D) protocols are subsets of HDLC.

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): An integral part of IP networks with routers, ICMP reports routing failures back to the source. As IP is not an error reporting protocol and is not able to report routing-failures, ICMP handles this job for IP.

IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol): Internet protocol used to exchange routing information within an autonomous system. Common examples of IGP are IGRP, OSPF, and RIP.

IPV6: The new version of this routing protocol, Internet Protocol version 6 is a 64-bit IP addressing system. Also called IPNG, NG signifying Next Generation, it will remove the scarcity of IP addresses being faced in the 32-bit current version.

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First): This protocol defines how i outers share routing information. Unlike the older Routing Information Protocol (RIP) which transfers entire routing tables, OSPF transfers only the changed routing information since the previous transfer. As a result data transfer is low, conserving bandwidth. OSPF version 2 defined in RFC 1583 is rapidly replacing RIP on the Internet.

PPP (Point to Point Protocol): This protocol establishes point-to-point connection to the Internet, allows a PC to establish a direct connection to the Internet via a modem, and also allows automatic assigning of IP addresses to the PC. This protocol is more stable than the older SLIP protocol.

PPTP (Point to Point Tunneling Protocol): This protocol creates a virtual client server link that is tunneled through an IP network like the internet. Tunneling enables clients to use the Internet or public WANs as their virtual network.

RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): Reverse ARP protocol can be used by a host to discover its own IP address. Reverse to ARP, here the host broadcasts its physical address, and a RARP server replies with the host's IP address. This is important in scenarios where diskless workstations are used because these stations may not know their IP address when they boot.

RIP (Routing Information Protocol): A distance vector routing protocol used on TCP/IP networks used by routers to exchange routing updates and network topology changes. Of its two versions - version 1 and 2 the second one packs more data than its first version, such as subnet masks in an RIP packet. It also maintains routing information like the next hop to which the packets should be sent along with the total number of hops in reaching a destination. IT is defined in RFC 1058 and is fast being replaced by OSPF.

RMON (Remote Monitoring): A network management standard that provides more detailed network information and status reporting than SNMP. It consists of nine groups of monitoring elements in its MIB, each providing a specific set of information. Some of the groups may depend upon other RMON groups to function properly. The nine groups in RMON Management Information Base are: Statistics, History. Alarm, Host, HostTopN, Matrix, Filters.

SAP (Service Advertising Protocol): A NetWare protocol used to identify the services and addresses of servers attached to the network. The response-: are used to update a table in the router known as the Server Information Table.

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocols: A standardized network monitoring protocol widely used in the network.